A monorepo is a single Git repository containing multiple projects, packages, or services that may be independently deployed. Google, Meta, and Microsoft use monorepos. Tools like Turborepo, Nx, and pnpm workspaces manage the complexity.

How Monorepo Works

In a monorepo, your frontend, backend, shared libraries, and infrastructure code all live in one repo. Changes that span packages are atomic — one PR updates the API, the client, and the types. Tools like Turborepo provide incremental builds that only rebuild what changed.

Key Concepts

  • Workspace — A package management feature (pnpm, npm, yarn) that links multiple packages in one repo
  • Incremental Builds — Only rebuilding packages that changed or depend on changes — Turborepo and Nx excel at this
  • Code Sharing — Shared packages (types, utilities, config) are easily imported across projects without publishing to npm

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Frequently Asked Questions

Should I use a monorepo?

For teams sharing code across packages (frontend + backend + shared types), a monorepo simplifies development. For independent services with different teams and release cycles, separate repos may be better.

What monorepo tool should I use?

Turborepo (simple, fast) for most projects. Nx (feature-rich) for large enterprise repos. pnpm workspaces as the foundation for either. Lerna is legacy — avoid for new projects.

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